Can we design policies that meet biodiversity and climate targets at the same time?
Just imagine if the answer to both these questions is yes:
- Countries can then meet their obligations under the CBD and UNFCCC through the same policies – a natural and cost-saving approach;
- Wildlife restoration transforms from being ‘a luxury if we can afford it’ to a ‘smart investment’ into building a resilient future, both nationally and globally;
- Restoring lost wildlife and ecosystems can help countries meet their climate commitments through their National Determined Contributions (NDCs).
The workshop presents the latest scientific research findings on how wildlife contributes to carbon sequestration and climate mitigation – referred to as Animating the Carbon Cycle (ACC) – and how wildlife conservation can help countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region to achieve their climate change, mitigation and adaptation goals under the Paris Agreement and biodiversity targets under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
This webinar is a follow-up to the regional workshops held by the IFAW Regional Office on biodiversity and climate change in the MENA region.
Part of a series of three webinars hosted in preparation for the 16th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, which will be held in Cali, Colombia from late October. This webinar is a follow-up to workshops held by the AGNES for African government representatives on nature, biodiversity and climate change in an effort to further consult with participating countries.
A joint initiative by The Global Rewilding Alliance, IFAW, Re:wild, WWF and Yale School of the Environment.
Animating the Carbon Cycle webinar (1:52 minutes)
Read the video transcript here
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So we start this webinar. Now as the introduction about the importance. Further, what has Akron has said.
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With from Simon. Our climate change advisor at Ipo.
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So by all they’re gonna do simultaneously for introduction.
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Thank you in that big afternoon, and good morning to all participants. It’s
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Wonderful to see so much interest.
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In the webinar from across the region.
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My name is Simon Addison. I am the climate Change Advisor at i. 4.
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Where I have had the great pleasure over the past few years to.
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Collaborate with friends from the global Rewilding Alliance, who are joining us.
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Or this webinar.
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The webinar is very much grounded in.
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Recent scientific evidence that has been developed by Professor Oswald’s.
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Who is joining us from.
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Yale University.
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And this evidence I hope you will find, compelling, as it is evidence that shows the importance of.
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Wild animal populations in multiple ecosystems around the world.
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For supporting carbon cycles and carbon sequestration.
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And this is for us that I for, and we believe globally, an important.
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Set to findings to help us. Redefine.
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The manner in which we develop and implement.
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Climate mitigation policies.
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Through nature, based solutions.
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Wild animals as we see it.
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Now at i. 4, are not simply the victims.
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Of climate change. They are indeed.
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The unsung heroes.
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Of climate, action.
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And we are hoping that through this webinar you will.
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Develop an understanding for how we can.
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Use, and.
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Partner with wild animal populations across the.
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Middle East and North Africa region.
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To accelerate our actions collaboratively.
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To address climate change.
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Both by
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Improving the rates, and at which carbon sequestration can happen.
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But also importantly, by using wildlife conservation.
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As a means to support.
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Climate resilience.
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And adaptation both within.
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The habitats in which wild animal populations live.
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But also among the communities.
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And the local economies in which protected areas and other conservation areas exist.
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We will.
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1st hear a few words from our colleague, Mark.
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From the global rewilding Alliance.
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Before passing over to Professor.
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Who will take us through the science.
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Behind this issue.
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Which is referred to as animating the carbon cycle.
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We will then hear some case, studies.
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Of the evidence that shows how wild animals.
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Perform this vital function.
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In the carbon cycle.
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And then also hear from.
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Rim Al Maila from Nuat.
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Who will talk to us about marine systems in the Middle East, and how critical they are also.
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For carbon sequestration.
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I’ll then provide some recommendations from research that I for has conducted on how to integrate wildlife conservation.
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Into the nationally determined contributions of countries.
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Across Mina region before we close the webinar.
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And take your questions and answers. So thank you for your attending and for your.
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Your consideration.
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And I will with great pleasure hand over to.
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The next speaker.
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Thank you very much. Simon, it’s a pleasure to be collaborating with the iphone with you and your colleagues in the Mena region.
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On something this important and what I would like to do, and before introducing us, who will.
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Speak about the animating the carbon cycle approach and the model that’s built around it.
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Just to perhaps give a few words of context which.
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I hope we’ll convey the sense of opportunity that exists now for this approach.
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My name is Mark Kelly. I have the honor to chair the board of the Global Rewilding Alliance.
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And I’m delighted to see Rea, who’s also a member of the Board on this.
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I think you all know the global alliance. It pulls together organizations around the world.
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Devoted to rewilding some very large, some very small.
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But our aim is to stimulate rewilding wherever it is appropriate, and wherever it is possible.
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Because we believe that this is a a key to.
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Planetary stability in the future.
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Just a few words then, about the context. I think we all know that
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Our planet is seriously degraded. The global land outlook recommend.
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That concludes that up to 40% of land and on the planet is degraded.
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That’s not even taking into account the degradation of marine ecosystems. But this is a problem of of vast scale. So we’re not talking about little patches here and there that are degraded. We’re talking about.
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Patterns that cover whole countries and regions. We are, as I’m sure you all know, in the UN decade of ecosystem. So at the global multilateral level. It’s been recognized that.
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We need not simply to conserve what’s left, but to get to work to restore those very large areas of land that have a potential not only for productivity, but for biodiversity as well, and and that that this is becoming an increasing priority.
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You also know, of course, that in December 22 the.
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Members. The Member States of the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted the Kunming.
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Montreal global diversity framework, which is a very ambitious plan of action.
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It does, of course, include a call to conserve, to protect.
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Critical systems and and natural resources, but it goes much farther than that. It talks about the necessary to the need to stop doing harm.
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In fact, if you look at the financial calculations required to implement the level biodiversity framework.
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You’ll see that the bulk of them actually could be derived from.
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No longer spending money on things that undermine biodiversity and not simply putting more money into conservation priorities. So we’re beginning to look rather differently at the challenger biodiversity conservation, and of course it calls also in a in a very clear way to restore ecosystems, to look at nature as the foundation for development, to ensure.
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That that nature has health.
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Now, this is the biodiversity. We’re all familiar also with the Climate Change Convention, the Paris agreement and.
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That targets that it sets for both 2030, and and 20 one of the most interesting and I think promising things that we’re seeing over the past few years is what I call the convergence.
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Of the climate and biodiversity. So we have realized that the single greatest cause of climate change.
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On this planet is the destruction of nature. It’s land conversion. It’s land degradation.
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It is degradation of marine resources. And so this is nature, if you like, is the principal cause of climate change.
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But if you flip that on its head nature is also probably the most promising approach for large scale prevention of of catastrophic climate change, so that investment in nature, investment in restoration, investment in the sound management of ecosystems is probably the single most significant.
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Positive pathway! Forward!
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To stabilizing the climate. Something around.
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1.5 degrees, so.
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We see climate as absolutely biodiversity conservation, just like.
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Biodiversity is becoming.
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Clearly a key pathway forward for addressing the climate change challenge that we face on this planet.
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There is, quite rightly, I think, a a large focus on lowering emissions. We must lower emissions if we’re not to slip over the most dangerous, but we also know, and science tells us, that this is not enough.
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We. We will not reach our climate targets unless we’re able to fix.
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Atmospheric carbon.
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We have to remove carbon from the atmosphere on a very large scale, and the science around that is very clear.
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Now, we believe, and this is the introduction to the animating the the carbon cycle. Approach.
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That. We have in this approach a win win solution as well present the model and the and the science behind it, and you will hear some case studies of its use. But essentially this is an approach that addresses some of the key climate priorities, while at the same time restoring.
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Biodiversity, nature, and healthy ecosystems. It’s very much a win-win situation.
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And also if you look forward at the mechanisms that are being called for being put in place now for funding.
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This essential action on both climate and and biodiversity. You see that there is talk of extending credit markets, of establishing markets for biodiversity credits as well.
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And in the sense the acc approach offers the possibility of generating funding through the trade in these credits, both for climate and for biodiversity. So it’s also a potentially a financial win. And then there is a a great deal of creativity going on in what we call performance, based funding.
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Which is countries that are rewarded through debt, relief, or through lowering of credit rates, or whatever, for achieving milestones in the restoration of nature, or in achieving their carbon targets, so that there’s a whole.
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Financial world, sort of, in a sense, crystallizing. Behind.
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These approaches, we believe, will rewilding alliance. That that the acc approaches is a a game changer.
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This is not yet another tool that’s been developed. That shows promise. It is really, it really does have the potential to change the way we think of the climate nature challenge together.
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A way in which we can argue politically for the restoration of nature and achieve financial income to countries that that badly needed.
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My last word is that we believe that the Middle East North Africa region is is absolutely key.
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In rising to this challenge, you have your fair share of degraded land.
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But you also have extraordinarily valuable ecosystems keystone species that need to be preserved, and a track record of bringing some of them back from the brink. So I think that the what’s happened in the Mena area has the potential to go to scale.
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In a way that we would very much like to see happen, and if they go.
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Rewarding alliance, and it’s partners can be helpful in that. You can count on our support to you.
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So with that introduction, let me hand over to Oswald.
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Schmidt to introduce the Accc. And the science behind it. Thank you very much.
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Thank you very much, mark.
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And thank you all for joining.
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I would like to take some time this morning, as Mark said.
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To to just explain the science behind animating the carbon cycle.
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What I’m going to talk about is how we can.
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Conservation of wildlife. With
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Or arresting climate change.
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The big issue that we have to confront, though, is something that happened almost 250.
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Years ago, with the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, when we started burning fossil fuels.
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To drive our economy and our economic development. And with that over time what we see is the emissions increased as the economy rose and and started accelerating, and the and.
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What we end up having is a lot of Co. 2 built up in the atmosphere.
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Now the ipcc and globally we realize.
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That if we continue on this path we are really going to have critical climate warming on the planet, catastrophic warming.
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And so what people are trying to do now is, think of ways to stop the admissions. One of the ideas is that we reduce emissions. By converting to green energy technologies, renewable energy technologies with a goal of reaching net 0 emissions.
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By 2050.
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The problem is, we still have. Even if we reach net 0 missions, we still have about 500 gigatons of Co. 2 in the atmosphere. That’s a legacy of our past economic.
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Growth, 500 gigatons Co, 2 or 500 billion tons of Co, 2.
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Still in the atmosphere, and if we don’t get rid of that we will shoot 2°C right? Even if we reach net 0 emissions. We’re not going to prevent.
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The climate from increasing beyond 2 degrees.
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So what we really need to do is come up with negative CO, 2. Emissions, not just net 0 emissions. What we mean by negative Co 2 emissions is that we have to enhance the sync of carbon on the planet somehow, so that we can draw out the Co. 2.
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2 out of the atmosphere and store it on the planet. And you. Many of you may have heard already all of these technological solutions that people have proposed. That is certainly one way to go about doing it. But we’re arguing that we can also use nature because nature already does the job. It’s a proven technology. If you will.
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And so let’s try and think about using nature to arrest climate change as well, and and enhance.
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And if we do that increase the sync strength, we have the potential to arrest climate warming somewhere between 1.5 and 2°C.
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But we have to do it now. We have to.
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Think about enhancing nature’s ability to store carbon, and and then we can reduce the atmospheric CO. 2 on the planet. And this is what we call nature, based solutions or natural climate solutions.
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And currently what people have proposed are 2 kind in in terms of the nature based climate solutions. There are 2 main strategies. The 1st is avoid emissions. In other words, if we’re gonna try and reach an 0.
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We can’t just continue to destroy ecosystems and release more that has to go hand in hand with reducing emissions. So we have to avoid emissions.
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And then we also have to enhance the syncs right? We have to increase the capacity of the planet to take up more carbon. So we protect what we have and enhance. So that’s those are 2 sort of components of of ecosystem conservation that we need to do.
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In order to reach net carbon net negative carbon emissions.
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Now the the challenge that we face is between now and 2,100. We need to remove about 6 to 7 gigatons of Co. 2 a year. To you know, meet the goal of preventing the global temperature from rising above 2 degrees C.
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6 to 7 gigatons, or 6 to 7 billion tons per year. And we’re proposing that we can do that by enhancing.
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The carbon eye, carbon dioxide sink of of the planet through nature based climate solutions.
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Now let’s look at the numbers, though part of the decarbonization, as I said, to reach net 0 is protect against release, and that protects us. 5 gigatons per year. That’s really important. 5 giga tons per years about what the United States emits every year. So you know, it’s a huge amount.
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But enhancing the strength. Sync strength is really what we need to do if we want net negative emissions. And right now all of the proposed solutions. In nature combined.
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Only gives us about 5 gigatons per year, and that involves, you know, managing timberlands better managing crop lands better managing agriculture better, but also restoring forests and restoring wetlands.
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And other ecosystems that are heavily, and if we do that again, the best that we can get is 5 giga tons of carbon per year.
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But what about? And and and so there’s a shortfall, right? We need to get an additional one to 2 gigatons per year out of the animal out of the atmosphere. But what about animals? You know? You look at this picture. All we see is livestock and plants. We don’t see animals.
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And historically,
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You know, it has been presumed that animals aren’t going to be abundant enough to have an impact, and this comes from.
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A very fundamental idea in ecosystem ecology that if you look at the biomass.
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Of life on the planet, and you look at the amount of of biomass as plants, the amount of biomass as herbivores.
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And the about amount of biomass, says carnivores, you see progressively less and less and less biomass.
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Simply because of ecological inefficiencies, transfer efficiencies of energy up the food chain. You end up getting these pyramids of biomass or pyramids of numbers, and for this reason people have assumed that animals are going to be very rare relative to plants and soil biota and therefore they have assumed that because there’s comparatively rare, they’re not going to have a big impact.
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But the thing is that’s not accounted for is the feedback that the animals can have on the ecosystem.
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And those feedback of X can be very large and disproportionately larger than what you would expect by animal abundance. And this happens because of their interactions in food webs.
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Within the ecosystem.
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And there are common mechanisms of ecosystem impact among animals, regardless of whether you’re going from the Arctic tundra through drylands and grasslands, through savannas and force, and then also into the deep marine.
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All animals.
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Through their interaction in food webs. Contribute to controlling the carbon cycle.
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Through their foraging.
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By depositing nutrients, they release nutrients in their body wastes, they disturb the ecosystems.
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They can deposit organic carbon in their body, and also again, as body waste.
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And terrestrial environments. Sea dispersal, especially for forests, is really important, because that enhances forestry production.
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Now, if we took the information that’s available currently.
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And and and you know, these are data where people have actually measured the contribution of animals in the ecosystems.
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Relative to locations where the animals are absent. So you can do a comparison of what happens when the animals are there versus what it. What happens when the animals are absent.
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And so the numbers I’m presenting here is the net effect of the animals above.
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What happens when they are absent?
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And if you look at just these several species here, what you see is that these animals here already contribute.
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To avoiding emissions of 5.8 tons per year. Right? So they’re contributing to avoiding emissions. So.
00:32:53.000 –> 00:33:08.000
This number is not even accounted for, because we’re not thinking about animals, it’s not even being accounted for in the current nature based accounting. So what we may have is actually a doubling of what’s going on right now in terms of protection.
00:33:08.000 –> 00:33:15.000
But what also may be happening is that because we haven’t significant impact of these animals.
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We may be underestimating the capacity of.
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Nature to protect.
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E Emish against emissions. If we lose these animals right? So if we lost wilds, or if we lost sea otters.
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Then maybe we might not achieve these. Avoided emissions because we’re losing an important driver of that. So that’s something to keep in mind.
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But, more importantly, we have other species that we could restore and rebuild their populations.
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And if we look at.
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What they can contribute. We already get almost another gigaton of Co. 2 that can be taken up on in in on the planet and stored in ecosystems. And that’s.
00:34:02.000 –> 00:34:12.000
Point 7 8 3 of the one to 2 gigaton shortfall. So they’re already potentially able to make up the difference. And so.
00:34:12.000 –> 00:34:37.000
These are huge numbers compared to what nature based solutions are already looking at. And this is why we’re very optimistic and inspired that maybe, you know, conserving animals enhancing their restoration and protection, can really make a a an important contribution to more rapidly reducing Co. 2 out of the atmosphere and and storing it on the planet.
00:34:37.000 –> 00:34:41.000
So what we really need is a change in mindset.
00:34:41.000 –> 00:34:45.000
Again, as Mark was pointing out, we often think of climate change as being.
00:34:45.000 –> 00:34:52.000
Something that causes damage to biodiversity. And we sort of think about animals as being stuck.
00:34:52.000 –> 00:35:13.000
On on a ship, you know the climate, and they’re just passengers that are headed on an ill fated voyage. But what we’re trying to argue is that the mind changing mindset sees animals as important and drivers of the climate. And so through biodiversity conservation, we may be able to help fix the climate problem. I’m gonna walk.
00:35:13.000 –> 00:35:29.000
You know. So to to really sort of quantify this and we need numbers, we need better numbers. And because a lot of the signs hasn’t been done in terms of actually measuring things in the field. And so what we need to also do is sort of be able to calculate the potential.
00:35:29.000 –> 00:35:40.000
Of different animal species. And so what we’ve done is developed a new carbon cycle that builds on the plant soil, carbon cycle models that we already have in existence.
00:35:40.000 –> 00:36:05.000
Those models include photosynthetic uptake of Co. 2 from the atmosphere. It accounts for plant respiration, and you know, carbon and and leaching and and and to the in the soil. Soil respiration. So we’re really accounting for what? What current carbon cycle models account for. But we’ve added in the effective animals into that.
00:36:05.000 –> 00:36:15.000
And that includes animal respiration of herbivores and predators. It also counts for the recycling effects that these animals, these are the feedback that I mentioned earlier on.
00:36:15.000 –> 00:36:37.000
And it’s those feedback effects, especially through nutrient cycling that can actually fertilize the soil and boost the productivity of the plants also disproportionately so relative to the animals abundance. And so once we start thinking about these components of the carbon cycle, we get a different sort of perspective on what’s going on.
00:36:37.000 –> 00:37:01.000
And what we’re trying to do here with this model is really sort of go globally and figure out what the potential is for a whole variety of different animal species. to to help contribute to reducing Co. 2 in the atmosphere and storing it on the planet. And so we’re hoping to, you know, really develop a global map of high potential areas. And these are.
00:37:01.000 –> 00:37:26.000
Areas that we think are really high potential candidate areas and the kinds of species that might be suitable. You’ll notice that. We haven’t really got much for North Africa and the Middle East. There’s a lot more to opportunity to help inform us what what can be contributed in that region in terms of restoring wildlife species, and we can help out to try and figure out how much
00:37:26.000 –> 00:37:28.000
Difference that will make.
00:37:28.000 –> 00:37:35.000
I’m gonna finish off with a couple of case studies just to show you the potential.
00:37:35.000 –> 00:37:55.000
The 1st is actually a real world example of a conservation success. So what happened prior to 1 60 is that there was a disease that spread from domestic cattle that were being raised in the Serengeti to Wildebeast, if it was called rindapest.
00:37:55.000 –> 00:38:08.000
And the rinda pest wiped out almost wiped out the wildebeest from their historical numbers about one to point 2 million animals down to about 250 to 300,000 animals.
00:38:08.000 –> 00:38:28.000
And and what happened was because these animals didn’t graze the landscape, and the migration was shut down. Much of the Serengeti was burned every year because there was this uneaten grass that was this cured fuel that was able to burn and burn widely. And so what happened is that the
00:38:28.000 –> 00:38:36.000
Serengeti was a net source of CO. 2 to the atmosphere, and it just, you know, lots of CO. 2 went into the atmosphere.
00:38:36.000 –> 00:38:40.000
Conservation
00:38:40.000 –> 00:38:50.000
Eradicated rindap. So the rindapest declined in these populations, and so quickly we see the wildebeest numbers, and what’s really exciting is in the.
00:38:50.000 –> 00:39:05.000
Matter of 20 years. We’re not talking about a hundred years. We’re talking a very reasonably short time when you’re thinking of a large animal that’s long lived. In the course of about 20 years. Their numbers back to historical levels.
00:39:05.000 –> 00:39:28.000
Okay. They migrated again that you have a much greener landscape because they’re eating the vegetation. When they eat the vegetation they release carbon, and they’re dung. The dung gets buried and protected in the soil. And so what you see as their population numbers rose. You also see a rise in how much carbon is taken up and stored on on that plane. The Serengeti plane.
00:39:28.000 –> 00:39:37.000
And and we end up getting here a net sync of carbon. When these animal populations have been rebuilt.
00:39:37.000 –> 00:39:44.000
The amount of carbon that’s stored each year in the Serengeti is the is enough to
00:39:44.000 –> 00:39:50.000
You know, offset Kenya and Tanzania Co. 2 emissions from fossil fuel burning.
00:39:50.000 –> 00:39:55.000
So these animals are actually protecting against.
00:39:55.000 –> 00:40:09.000
You know, emissions, or they’re they’re helping to avoid emissions that could really exacerbate the climate problem. But this is a nice success story because it shows it can happen very quickly, and that gives us much optimism.
00:40:09.000 –> 00:40:16.000
Again. What we’ve done also is applied the model to see what might happen in another region.
00:40:16.000 –> 00:40:28.000
So what we can do with this model is also it has parameters. So we can go to the scientific literature and get data to parameterize the model for each of these components.
00:40:28.000 –> 00:40:34.000
And when you do that, and this is an example from a Mexican dry, tropical forest.
00:40:34.000 –> 00:40:36.000
What we’re looking at is.
00:40:36.000 –> 00:40:45.000
Restoring and protecting mountain and jaguar and their main prey, whitetail deer and collared peckeries.
00:40:45.000 –> 00:40:50.000
And these 2 herbivores feed on shrubs, but the shrubs are understory in the forest.
00:40:50.000 –> 00:41:02.000
And these animals use both the shrub habitat and the forest habitat. So these are these food web relationships, these interdependencies and the feedbacks that these animals cause.
00:41:02.000 –> 00:41:14.000
Both in the forest and in the shrubs, and if you parameterize the model and then make predictions of what the animals would do when they’re present relative to what things would look like in in their absence. What you find is that.
00:41:14.000 –> 00:41:19.000
With all of the animals intact with the food web intact.
00:41:19.000 –> 00:41:22.000
We can take up 3.1 8 times more carbon.
00:41:22.000 –> 00:41:26.000
Into the ecosystem. Then, if the animals are absent.
00:41:26.000 –> 00:41:49.000
Obviously, this is a modeling approach. So we have to validate it a little bit. Nobody has measured this, so we can’t validate that against what? What the animals would do. But we can validate it against what happens? When the animals are absent, because a lot of people have measured ecosystem processes. When the animals are absent, and and so.
00:41:49.000 –> 00:41:56.000
Our baseline here matches very closely with what you see in the field. So this actually gives us confidence.
00:41:56.000 –> 00:42:02.000
That the model is making reasonable 1st approximations of the the benefit of these animals.
00:42:02.000 –> 00:42:16.000
2 net negative emissions. Now, if you extrapolate this from the kilometer basis to all of the dry tropical forests that are protected in Mexican parts.
00:42:16.000 –> 00:42:31.000
Right now. You increase the sync strength by 10 million tons of carbon per year, and that’s the equivalent of 1 10th of Mexico Co. 2 emissions a year. So you know, using Mexico’s protected areas.
00:42:31.000 –> 00:42:43.000
And restoring and protecting these important carnivores and herbivore species can really really enhance the ability of the ecosystem to store this. Now I wanna underscore one thing.
00:42:43.000 –> 00:42:58.000
We shouldn’t be using, animating the carbon cycle to think of it as an offset approach, you know, so that we can continue to release fossil fuels. These animals are just gonna help ecosystem suck it up. We still need to reach net 0 emissions.
00:42:58.000 –> 00:43:10.000
What animating the carbon cycle is trying to do is increase. Net negative emissions increase the sync strength of ecosystems. The numbers we present here are just to give you a comparison of.
00:43:10.000 –> 00:43:26.000
The that the magnitude of the effect it can be country level size. And so if we scale this we can actually have a meaningful impact in terms of enhancing the sync strength of ecosystems.
00:43:26.000 –> 00:43:40.000
So with that. Thank you very much for listening. And I look forward to discussions and answering questions.
00:43:40.000 –> 00:43:46.000
Thank you, Oswald, for this presentation. A case study. It was very interesting and lighting.
00:43:46.000 –> 00:43:50.000
And just to continue that one, we’ll move on to the
00:43:50.000 –> 00:43:56.000
With the relation to the case on the case. Study that will be presented by Doctor Rim.
00:43:56.000 –> 00:43:58.000
Name is
00:43:58.000 –> 00:44:00.000
The President of Noah.
00:44:00.000 –> 00:44:05.000
From Bahrain, and we are honored to have you on this webinar.
00:44:05.000 –> 00:44:08.000
So please frame floor is yours.
00:44:08.000 –> 00:44:32.000
Thank you so much, and it is an honor. And to be here today I’m very excited to be able to share some of the insights that my team and I, in addition to all of the members that are here today or put together this very informative webinar, on animating the carbon cycle, and I think this is one of the most important
00:44:32.000 –> 00:44:35.000
Second is my screen showing.
00:44:35.000 –> 00:44:36.000
Yeah, okay, wonderful.
00:44:36.000 –> 00:44:37.000
Yes, indeed!
00:44:37.000 –> 00:44:38.000
Yes.
00:44:38.000 –> 00:45:02.000
Okay, perfect. Thank you. Yeah. So one of the things that I always think is very interesting. Whenever we talk about the region in general is, there’s always I think, the stereotype not just when we think about it from an external sense, where people, when they think about the Middle East and North African region. It’s all about. Everything’s a desert, and there’s not much there.
00:45:02.000 –> 00:45:21.000
And then, even internally, when I work with members of our community especially like here in Bahrain or the Gulf, a lot of people are under the impression that there is not much that actually can contribute towards climate mitigation other than mangroves. For example.
00:45:21.000 –> 00:45:46.000
And I’m here today to really push the case that that is definitely not the reality. And the reality is that we are a very diverse we’ve got a very diverse marine system. And the by diversity, that it holds actually is key to what I like to think is the window as to what the world might look like in the future.
00:45:46.000 –> 00:45:49.000
In light of climate change and climate impacts.
00:45:49.000 –> 00:45:57.000
Because our ecosystems are existing in very extreme conditions, and this is across the Middle East and North African region.
00:45:57.000 –> 00:46:20.000
1st off. It is a very diverse ecosystem space, as mentioned previously, and we’ve got different ecosystems from muds and rocky shows and reef swamps and salt marshes. And this is we’re talking about postal ecosystems, mangroves, seagrass beds, coral reefs, and much much more out there.
00:46:20.000 –> 00:46:37.000
And what is really interesting is that when we look at it, we think it’s just a system. Now, one analogy that we a lot of people from the community of shall we say? The rewilding and restoration space? Is that.
00:46:37.000 –> 00:46:46.000
If we think about ecosystems as the skeleton, then the animals and species that inhibit them are seen as the organs.
00:46:46.000 –> 00:46:52.000
And logically, there’s no skeleton that can fully function and be very efficient.
00:46:52.000 –> 00:47:03.000
Without the organs being present in there. And so this is what we are trying to bring back. We are trying to bring back ecosystems that are fully functional with all of their members.
00:47:03.000 –> 00:47:27.000
And one of the things as well, I think already Professor Oswald has already explained how marine biodiversity plays a critical role in the carbon cycling which is very essential for regulating the earth’s climate. But many people always maybe ask for examples on exactly how do marine biodiversity? How does it contribute to.
00:47:27.000 –> 00:47:41.000
This process and to break down, although some of this was already touched upon. But I just thought it was very important for us to go into a bit of the detail, so that we have a very clear understanding as to how that happens.
00:47:41.000 –> 00:48:06.000
We’ve already talked about primary production and how that links to carbon sequestration. And when we think about primary production, it’s obviously phytoplankton. So we’ve got photosynthesis. We all know that phytoplankton is available everywhere in the oceans, and that is why the misconception when people think that trees are.
00:48:06.000 –> 00:48:21.000
The the main shall we say game changer in terms of taking in common day outside and producing oxygen? In reality, it’s actually our oceans. That’s doing that. It’s producing over 70% of the oxygen that we breath as humans.
00:48:21.000 –> 00:48:33.000
And that is a combination between the fighter plankton, but also sea grass, beds, mangroves, and other primary producers. Within these ecosystems, and
00:48:33.000 –> 00:48:44.000
Spaces, such as seagrass, beds, mangroves, and salt marshes are usually referred to as the blue carbon habitats, and of course, you know they sequest.
00:48:44.000 –> 00:48:51.000
3 questions, significant amounts of carbon in their biomass, but also their sediment.
00:48:51.000 –> 00:49:14.000
We did look into things a bit further. We’re looking at carbon transfer through food. And this is also something that the Professor Oswald mentioned previously. But marine organisms, whether we look at them from time user appliance to say, the bigger predators, all of them, you know, going down the food web, consuming and transferring this this.
00:49:14.000 –> 00:49:19.000
Carbon within their bodies, and it passes down. And then we look at the carbon burial.
00:49:19.000 –> 00:49:44.000
That goes in the sediment. Of course, when a lot of these marine organisms die off, and then things basically go down and into the sediment of the ocean floor and stay in there for years. And that contributes to carbon sequestration on this especially. We can see it in the geological timescales and of course we look at things like a decomposition and respiration.
00:49:44.000 –> 00:49:52.000
And that also. Is that balance that Marinoisms play between carbon storage and the release.
00:49:52.000 –> 00:49:57.000
Within the carbon ecosystems, now.
00:49:57.000 –> 00:50:15.000
The minor region, as I mentioned previously, is a very marine biodiversity. Hotspot. And why do I say it’s a marine biodiversity diversity hotspot when a lot of people always think about biodiversity hotspots being areas such as say, the Great Barrier Reef for the Indo-pacific in general.
00:50:15.000 –> 00:50:36.000
The thing is, despite our extreme environment, there is a lot actually present in our region. So if we start with the Arabian Gulf, we’ve got the largest aggregation of du gongs in the world. Within the the gulf, and then we’ve got the also the largest concentration of whale sharks.
00:50:36.000 –> 00:51:01.000
In the world in the Gulf. In addition to that, we’ve got the largest breeding colony of the sequoom birds also present in the Gulf, and the very unique Arabian humpback whales populations which are very known to be genetically distinct. And they’re not migratory, so they don’t have no migratory routes, and they’re around the Arabian sea area.
00:51:01.000 –> 00:51:19.000
And then when we go into the Red Sea, they’re also very diverse in terms of, as we said, as we know, Carl Reese, but also different species of shots. And we’re talking about hammerhead shots. Black tip shots. We sound sharks. You know.
00:51:19.000 –> 00:51:44.000
The shock population is absolutely a diverse and huge in the Red Sea, and looking and moving into the Mediterranean. That’s it’s also similar in terms of biodiversity, where we’ve got things like basket sharks, and we’ve got again black tip sharks and sand barks and other species. So all of this combination. I’m just giving very few examples, but if we dive.
00:51:44.000 –> 00:51:52.000
Dive in deep. The biodiversity that the waters and our water bodies hold is very rich.
00:51:52.000 –> 00:52:17.000
And obviously with all of these species that are present. These species inhibit ecosystems, and move through different ecosystems, thereby also ha! Helping in the cycling of carbon within these systems. And I just wanted to shed some light on some examples of how they might be. Now, when we talk about show birds or or birds that are around.
00:52:17.000 –> 00:52:39.000
Coasts. A lot of people forget that they play a very big role in carbon cycling. So we’ve got species such as, say, the greater flamingo. We’ve got the plov, and they’re very crucial. Why? Because they feed on the mud flats which helps regulate the nutrient cycling which can indirectly contribute to carbon sequestration.
00:52:39.000 –> 00:52:45.000
However, as we all know that due to habitat loss, and I believe Mark earlier.
00:52:45.000 –> 00:53:09.000
Also mentioned that land conversion is one of the principal causes of climate change. And it’s just because we’re losing a lot of the biodiversity due to habitat loss. And with that we’re losing these key species that help in in the entire process. There was a paper published last year by Shamna Etal in 2023. And it was basically showing significant population declines in.
00:53:09.000 –> 00:53:12.000
In the Kentish Uma Birds.
00:53:12.000 –> 00:53:37.000
In some areas around the Arabian Gulf, especially between the years 1980 to 20 and of course the decline is attributed towards habitat loss because of coastal development, but also climate change and increased human disturbances. If we move into moving out of the Gov. Going into the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oma.
00:53:37.000 –> 00:54:02.000
And what we have there is the Arabian pumpkins. I’ve mentioned previously that you know, they’re very endangered, and they’re very isolated. And currently it’s estimated that there’s less than 100 individuals left, and they classified as endangered by the Iucn so what these whales contribute towards is basically carbon cycling by transfer.
00:54:02.000 –> 00:54:09.000
Porting the nutrients between the deeper waters and the surface, enhancing like the fight and growth.
00:54:09.000 –> 00:54:17.000
And unfortunately, you know, they’re very endangered, and there’s a lot of threats that are facing them, and.
00:54:17.000 –> 00:54:25.000
Part of that threats is actually habitation. Of course we’ve got the fisheries by cash and vessel strikes.
00:54:25.000 –> 00:54:43.000
Moving into the Red Sea. We’re looking at populations, although I’m talking about the Red Sea shark populations. But this spreads across the entire region when it comes to sharks. Especially the reef associated sharks, which are facing significant declines due to overfishing.
00:54:43.000 –> 00:55:01.000
Especially black tip sharks and white tip sharks. And recently, there was some figures that estimated that there’s a decline between 60 to 73% on a global scale. The currently, the biggest issue that we’re having
00:55:01.000 –> 00:55:22.000
In the region. Apart from obviously us losing a lot of these species and habitat loss is actually data deficiency. There is not a lot of numbers that we have in hand for us to be able to actually calculate. Unfortunately, how much of their contribution is there, however.
00:55:22.000 –> 00:55:40.000
Looking at things from the wider or global perspective, it obviously is showing us that they are contributing and are key in being able to mitigate and mitigate climate. the climate impacts.
00:55:40.000 –> 00:56:03.000
So when we move into the Mediterranean, a lot of people forget to think about the mesopic fishes, because fish, for example, in the deepest, and I’m talking over 500 meters a thousand meters deep. These mesopagic fish communities in the car in the Mediterranean Sea. They play a very significant ecological role, and.
00:56:03.000 –> 00:56:21.000
Although we don’t have enough data, and we are classified in terms of the Mediterranean as data or in this. But these fish are very important because of their vertical migration, which is where they help in again the cycling.
00:56:21.000 –> 00:56:30.000
Of nutrients, and also carbon within the waters to bring it all down to the deep sea. And storing it down there.
00:56:30.000 –> 00:56:54.000
So moving into just giving a bit of an example of what it was like, because as a marine biologist, and looking at ecosystems, and how these ecosystems actually help us in terms of climate, especially that say, for example, if we look at the Gulf to be more specific, currently, there’s a lot of mangrove restoration programs.
00:56:54.000 –> 00:57:04.000
That have been initiatives that have been launched in the past 5 years, and it’s a very positive thing that we are looking at mangrove.
00:57:04.000 –> 00:57:06.000
And.
00:57:06.000 –> 00:57:24.000
This is very evident when we start looking into some of the research that’s been published very recently, there was a paper that came out just a couple of weeks ago that looked at age or mapping the age of mangroves in in
00:57:24.000 –> 00:57:32.000
The the Gulf. Now we know for a fact that mangrove systems are great. Carbon sinks.
00:57:32.000 –> 00:57:56.000
However, how much carbon is actually being sequestrated in this, and I know for a fact that I’ve had conversations with a couple of different people within policy making. And this is a number that everybody would like to get to so they can get grips as to what their ecosystems are doing, and how they can plan for the future as part of many national targets, including, for example, Bahrain.
00:57:56.000 –> 00:58:15.000
Where there is a national target to be carbon neutral by 2,060. Now there was a paper that was published recent, not recently in 2,015 that just took. It’s a case study, and it was on a very small section in the western side of the of the Gulf base purely in Saudi Arabia.
00:58:15.000 –> 00:58:21.000
And it was looking at the carbon burial rates in seags.
00:58:21.000 –> 00:58:46.000
Versus in the that in the mangroves and salt marshes. And it was really interesting, because when I was looking at the numbers, as you can see here for the seagrass beds and the areas that were chosen in Saudi Arabia on the Gulf side. The sea beds or the carbon burial rate in the sea grass beds was recorded as 9 grams of organic.
00:58:46.000 –> 00:58:53.000
Carbon per meter per square. Per year. Sorry meter square per year.
00:58:53.000 –> 00:58:58.000
And when we look at the mangroves. It was around 19.
00:58:58.000 –> 00:59:06.000
And the salt marshes was around 8 grams of organic carpet. What’s really interesting is this is.
00:59:06.000 –> 00:59:22.000
Very much on the lower side. Because if we really were thinking about okay, you might be questioning what is usually the average. Now, the average that is recorded based on worldwide studies is that see grasp, like basically.
00:59:22.000 –> 00:59:47.000
Have a rate of 83 grams, we would say, of carbonic carbon, that is sequestered and then we’ve got mangroves, that is between 150 to 2 50, and salt marshes is 50 to 200. So you can see here that we’re very much on the lowest scale. So I decided to dig a bit deeper, digging a bit deeper. What I realized is.
00:59:47.000 –> 00:59:56.000
That the paper looked at. What was the decrease between carbon stocks.
00:59:56.000 –> 01:00:01.000
That were in mature and more established mangrove stands.
01:00:01.000 –> 01:00:09.000
And then those that have been recently planted. And actually they seemed like there was a 38.
01:00:09.000 –> 01:00:21.000
Therefore showing that almost all of these sites that were actually studied was, in some way or other heavily impacted by human activity, which has.
01:00:21.000 –> 01:00:27.000
Basically degraded their ability to sequestrate carbon.
01:00:27.000 –> 01:00:51.000
So, looking at the paper that was just published in recent in the recent weeks that I mentioned earlier, and that is by Mohan Etal. 23. And they basically did, created a map that showed the age of mangroves in the Gulf. And what the results showed really went really well and explained. A lot of these. low numbers that we’re seeing.
01:00:51.000 –> 01:00:56.000
The results of the paper showed that 41.3%.
01:00:56.000 –> 01:01:19.000
Off the mangroves in the entire gulf is actually younger than 5 years. So that means that we’re looking at approximately 41% of the mangroves that we currently have in the Gulf is based on restoration efforts by these countries, which is a great thing, but it also shows that we’ve lost a lot of our older, more established mangroves.
01:01:19.000 –> 01:01:22.000
Thereby taking away the possibility.
01:01:22.000 –> 01:01:29.000
Of what they could have been. You know, sequestring in terms of carbon, so.
01:01:29.000 –> 01:01:54.000
This is not a negative thing. It’s actually a positive thing, because it is showing us that the more we work on restoring, and the more we work on making sure that the keystone species are able to come back into these ecosystems, then naturally, these numbers will go up, and this is a definite way to words like what both Professor Oswald and Mark was saying earlier that
01:01:54.000 –> 01:02:01.000
Investment is nature is one of the most significant ways to actually mitigate climate change.
01:02:01.000 –> 01:02:07.000
Now, obviously, I’m not gonna bore you with the threats, because I think everybody present here is very much
01:02:07.000 –> 01:02:32.000
Aware of the threats that are faced by these marine ecosystems and the the role that they have in the carbon from overfishing. So we were talking about shocks, and how they take in the carbon into their bodies, and when they, you know, die off when it’s their time, they go back down to the the bottom of the sea, and that’s how the carbon gets buried. But when we fish them and we bring them.
01:02:32.000 –> 01:02:44.000
Out into the air. Obviously, then, the carbon escapes and adding more into the emissions that are released. And we’ve got obviously the issues, of degradation, of
01:02:44.000 –> 01:02:50.000
Habitats because of plastic pollution, coastal, and much more.
01:02:50.000 –> 01:03:14.000
Now it’s very important to look at the solutions and how we can enhance marine biodiversity and carbon capture in the region, and it is important to also give credit where where it’s due. And it’s very obvious that there are countries that are working on many initiatives that aim to be able to restore some ecosystems.
01:03:14.000 –> 01:03:39.000
However, maybe we need to take it a step further and look at the keystone pieces. And like I said earlier, it’s not only about the system. It’s about everything within the system. So it’s not about the skeleton. Just it’s also about the organs that are hold together. So yeah, so I just wanted to shed some light on some of that. So obviously, we know about like choral restoration projects.
01:03:39.000 –> 01:03:47.000
Happening in the Red Sea, and they are very new just less than 5 years. And we’re still trying to look at what.
01:03:47.000 –> 01:04:12.000
You know the Fe. The future might look like. If these are all successful, they need monitoring. We need data to be able to validate things. We have mine growth. Restoration projects that are very big and large across the Arabian Gulf. We’ve got systems that are put together in the Mediterranean, looking at Mpas and also gauging how well they’re doing.
01:04:12.000 –> 01:04:29.000
And promoting things from sustainable fishing, and I believe, like a lot of these countries, have put in various policies, including, for example, the bans on trolling in countries such as Bahrain, the Uae, and others across the country.
01:04:29.000 –> 01:04:53.000
So I just wanted to end with 2 things. One was, is that actually the global impact of local actions in the region is very meaningful and very important, because the Mina region is a very big chunk of the world, if we really think about it, and being able to actually restore our ecosystems and be able to enable
01:04:53.000 –> 01:05:06.000
Rewild and bring back the species that we are losing away. Population is very important to enhance carbon storage in the habitats that we’re trying to restore.
01:05:06.000 –> 01:05:27.000
In addition to that, healthy biodiversity are seen to be more resilient to climate stresses, such as temperature, fluctuation, acidification. And of course, once you have a healthy ecosystem, then naturally, the communities that live in there will be better able to withstand adapt to these changes.
01:05:27.000 –> 01:05:52.000
And by diversity plays a very key role in maintaining the balance whereby, like species, such as, for example, shocks and other predators, help regulate prey populations and make sure that your species that are ill or put spread disease are taken out from the ecosystem, thereby enhancing different biological processes, such as the carbon pump, thereby facilitating long term carbon.
01:05:52.000 –> 01:06:02.000
Storage. And lastly, of course, the Mina regions are part of a larger oceanic current that influences global climate.
01:06:02.000 –> 01:06:27.000
Patterns. So you take home points for today are basically the importance of the role of biodiversity in carbon sequestration. Please remember that our region. Is home to many unique biodiversity and species which are integral for the marine food web and carbon cycling. We shouldn’t be forgetting about the mesop.
01:06:27.000 –> 01:06:54.000
Fish that are in deeper waters, they continue to remain. And it’s something we definitely need to look into. And lastly, we definitely need urgent conservation actions that incorporate bringing back his species into these ecosystems. Thank you very much for all of your time and effort.
01:06:54.000 –> 01:07:00.000
Thank you, Taim, for your presentation. Very enlighting, please.
01:07:00.000 –> 01:07:02.000
And I would just
01:07:02.000 –> 01:07:06.000
Wanted to mention for the audience. If they have any question.
01:07:06.000 –> 01:07:17.000
Coming from a presentation that people, or the one that will come from Simon. Please do put them on the question. Answer. Function at the bottom of the screen. Please.
01:07:17.000 –> 01:07:25.000
And hence I will leave now the invite Simon to start his presentation about the policy.
01:07:25.000 –> 01:07:28.000
Assignment is the chief advisor for.
01:07:28.000 –> 01:07:30.000
Climate change, for rifle.
01:07:30.000 –> 01:07:38.000
As you said earlier, and I’m just Simon Florida.
01:07:38.000 –> 01:07:50.000
Thank you very much. Nab Dr. Nabe. It’s a pleasure to be here again, and I will take you quickly through a presentation on.
01:07:50.000 –> 01:07:55.000
Ipho’s recent research onto, what can policy makers do.
01:07:55.000 –> 01:07:58.000
Especially in the next year.
01:07:58.000 –> 01:08:04.000
To get wildlife into their climate action plans with a focus on.
01:08:04.000 –> 01:08:08.000
How to integrate wildlife and wildlife conservation.
01:08:08.000 –> 01:08:11.000
Into nationally determined contributions.
01:08:11.000 –> 01:08:14.000
So what we’re really thinking about is how practically.
01:08:14.000 –> 01:08:19.000
Can governments across the world, and particularly in.
01:08:19.000 –> 01:08:21.000
The Middle, East, and North Africa.
01:08:21.000 –> 01:08:25.000
Leverage! These scientific findings.
01:08:25.000 –> 01:08:32.000
To maximize, carbon, sequestration, climateration, and climate, adaptation and resilience.
01:08:32.000 –> 01:08:35.000
In their landscapes and communities.
01:08:35.000 –> 01:08:41.000
Through the nationally determined contributions.
01:08:41.000 –> 01:08:48.000
So, as we know, I think most of you are probably working on this already is that in 2025.
01:08:48.000 –> 01:08:52.000
Each country at cop. 30 in.
01:08:52.000 –> 01:08:55.000
Bellm in Brazil will be required to submit.
01:08:55.000 –> 01:08:59.000
They’re updated, nationally determined or.
01:08:59.000 –> 01:09:01.000
The Ndc. 3 point O.
01:09:01.000 –> 01:09:06.000
As the UN triple C is referring to it.
01:09:06.000 –> 01:09:13.000
This is seen, as the picture shows, as a crucial leap forward for climate action, in which we are hoping that.
01:09:13.000 –> 01:09:15.000
All countries will.
01:09:15.000 –> 01:09:20.000
Greatly increase their ambitions for climateation.
01:09:20.000 –> 01:09:22.000
And also for adaptation.
01:09:22.000 –> 01:09:25.000
The Ndcs must outline.
01:09:25.000 –> 01:09:29.000
Each country’s plans to take action on climate change and.
01:09:29.000 –> 01:09:32.000
Our belief is that this.
01:09:32.000 –> 01:09:37.000
Updating of the Ndcs provides a perfect opportunity for countries.
01:09:37.000 –> 01:09:39.000
In the Middle East and North Africa, to.
01:09:39.000 –> 01:09:46.000
Include the contribution of wild animals and wildlife conservation for mitigation.
01:09:46.000 –> 01:09:47.000
And adaptation purposes.
01:09:47.000 –> 01:09:50.000
And why should countries include wild animals?
01:09:50.000 –> 01:09:53.000
In their Ndcs. Well, we have already heard.
01:09:53.000 –> 01:09:56.000
Wonderful Presentations on.
01:09:56.000 –> 01:10:01.000
The incredible impact that animals, both on land and at sea.
01:10:01.000 –> 01:10:04.000
Can make for climate, action.
01:10:04.000 –> 01:10:06.000
But just as a reminder for mitigation.
01:10:06.000 –> 01:10:13.000
We know now that healthy wildlife populations help ecosystems store more carbon, so.
01:10:13.000 –> 01:10:18.000
Accelerating greenhouse gas mitigation in the land. Use sector and.
01:10:18.000 –> 01:10:21.000
In in seascapes.
01:10:21.000 –> 01:10:26.000
But also balanced ecosystems, provide critical ecosystem services for people in nature.
01:10:26.000 –> 01:10:32.000
Which are critical for climate, resilient development and disaster, risk, reduction.
01:10:32.000 –> 01:10:37.000
But also wild animals. Significant risks from climate change itself, so.
01:10:37.000 –> 01:10:42.000
Through climate change mitigation, we can reduce the impact of climate change.
01:10:42.000 –> 01:10:45.000
On wild animals and their habitats and.
01:10:45.000 –> 01:10:52.000
Ecosystems more broadly, thereby increasing the resilience of our land and sea scapes.
01:10:52.000 –> 01:10:55.000
In terms of resilience and adaptation.
01:10:55.000 –> 01:11:01.000
Biodiversity, ecosystem, the resilience of landscapes, and the delivery of ecosystem services.
01:11:01.000 –> 01:11:04.000
That people and animals depend upon.
01:11:04.000 –> 01:11:08.000
And by building climate, resilient landscapes, we can support animals.
01:11:08.000 –> 01:11:11.000
To deliver the benefits that they provide to carbon.
01:11:11.000 –> 01:11:13.000
Sequestration and ecosystem, health.
01:11:13.000 –> 01:11:19.000
And thereby enable people and economies to be more resilient to climate change.
01:11:19.000 –> 01:11:21.000
Over the long term.
01:11:21.000 –> 01:11:29.000
Wildlife economies are also incredibly important drivers of economic growth in many countries.
01:11:29.000 –> 01:11:32.000
That our biodiverse, and which often.
01:11:32.000 –> 01:11:34.000
Say, for instance, in Africa.
01:11:34.000 –> 01:11:39.000
Have fewer opportunities at the moment for economic growth.
01:11:39.000 –> 01:11:45.000
So these economic benefits that come through managing wildlife populations and their habitats.
01:11:45.000 –> 01:11:51.000
Provider and economic boost that can be used to support climate development.
01:11:51.000 –> 01:11:53.000
And adaptation, that local.
01:11:53.000 –> 01:12:02.000
And national levels. So by protecting and expanding wild animal populations, countries can increase the economic benefits of their citizens.
01:12:02.000 –> 01:12:05.000
Increasing economic security can in turn.
01:12:05.000 –> 01:12:08.000
Support, broader resilience for households.
01:12:08.000 –> 01:12:10.000
And communities.
01:12:10.000 –> 01:12:17.000
But the reality is that, as of now wildlife are missing from Dcs. This is.
01:12:17.000 –> 01:12:20.000
Perhaps not surprising, as we’re only really.
01:12:20.000 –> 01:12:27.000
Recently understanding the contribution that wild animal populations make to the carbon cycle.
01:12:27.000 –> 01:12:31.000
But you can see here some data that I for has gathered.
01:12:31.000 –> 01:12:37.000
On the number of countries with Ndc. Commitments that relate.
01:12:37.000 –> 01:12:42.000
To wildlife, conservation, ecosystem, and landscape restoration.
01:12:42.000 –> 01:12:48.000
Across the least developed countries and other countries in Africa.
01:12:48.000 –> 01:12:52.000
This includes North Africa. By the way.
01:12:52.000 –> 01:13:00.000
And so, while we know that many countries have included nature based solutions, broadly speaking, in their Ndcs. In recent years.
01:13:00.000 –> 01:13:05.000
Wild animals and wildlife conservation are not represented very well.
01:13:05.000 –> 01:13:16.000
According to our analysis, 60% of African countries and other least developed countries have not included wildlife conservation at all in their climate action plans.
01:13:16.000 –> 01:13:19.000
So we’re seeing here a very significant.
01:13:19.000 –> 01:13:25.000
And a missed opportunity to link biodiversity, conservation with climate, action.
01:13:25.000 –> 01:13:30.000
And to find ways of leveraging national climate, action plans.
01:13:30.000 –> 01:13:33.000
The the incredible Power and Potential.
01:13:33.000 –> 01:13:35.000
Of wildlife, conservation.
01:13:35.000 –> 01:13:38.000
And ecosystem.
01:13:38.000 –> 01:13:40.000
So what can countries do? Well.
01:13:40.000 –> 01:13:43.000
Personally, countries must.
01:13:43.000 –> 01:13:48.000
Acknowledge the importance of wildlife, conservation, and rewild.
01:13:48.000 –> 01:13:54.000
For accelerating carbon sequestration and supporting adaptation and resilience.
01:13:54.000 –> 01:14:01.000
A 1st step, then, would be to estimate the contribution that wildlife, conservation, and realding can make.
01:14:01.000 –> 01:14:03.000
To mitigation and adaptation.
01:14:03.000 –> 01:14:05.000
In each country, and that can.
01:14:05.000 –> 01:14:10.000
Be through modeling, existing wildlife.
01:14:10.000 –> 01:14:17.000
Understanding their contribution to carbon sequestration and then looking at the potential over time.
01:14:17.000 –> 01:14:19.000
Through the use of statistical modeling.
01:14:19.000 –> 01:14:23.000
Such as that which has been outlined by Professor Schmidt.
01:14:23.000 –> 01:14:26.000
To to see where we can get to.
01:14:26.000 –> 01:14:28.000
Through rewilding and wildlife.
01:14:28.000 –> 01:14:32.000
Protection and conservation programs.
01:14:32.000 –> 01:14:37.000
Tropic rewilding, wildlife conservation and the wildlife economy.
01:14:37.000 –> 01:14:45.000
Can be included in national determined contributions as core pillars for delivering climate goals.
01:14:45.000 –> 01:14:48.000
But we also then need to importantly mobilize the money.
01:14:48.000 –> 01:14:52.000
To implement the programs that can accelerate.
01:14:52.000 –> 01:14:58.000
Call. I’m at action through the wildlife economy and through Wilding. So we need to cost.
01:14:58.000 –> 01:15:02.000
Wildlife, related climate actions to help raise climate.
01:15:02.000 –> 01:15:05.000
For the wildlife sector at the moment there is.
01:15:05.000 –> 01:15:09.000
M. Minimal attention being paid in climate finance.
01:15:09.000 –> 01:15:12.000
To the potential of wildlife populations.
01:15:12.000 –> 01:15:16.000
Climate, mitigation and adaptation.
01:15:16.000 –> 01:15:18.000
But there’s an immense potential.
01:15:18.000 –> 01:15:20.000
To raise finance.
01:15:20.000 –> 01:15:22.000
For those kinds of programs.
01:15:22.000 –> 01:15:24.000
If we can work with.
01:15:24.000 –> 01:15:27.000
The national and.
01:15:27.000 –> 01:15:32.000
The the National Government departments that are responsible for developing those.
01:15:32.000 –> 01:15:37.000
Climate, finance plans, and with climate finance providers to link up.
01:15:37.000 –> 01:15:40.000
Innovation with investment.
01:15:40.000 –> 01:15:45.000
We could also use wildlife conservation, finance.
01:15:45.000 –> 01:15:47.000
By linking trophic rewilding into.
01:15:47.000 –> 01:15:50.000
Carbon finance, initiatives.
01:15:50.000 –> 01:16:02.000
So again, another channel of finance that we can potentially mobilize as as my friend Markalla was mentioning earlier in the presentation.
01:16:02.000 –> 01:16:04.000
At Iphour we have developed.
01:16:04.000 –> 01:16:06.000
10 guidelines for.
01:16:06.000 –> 01:16:08.000
Countries to follow.
01:16:08.000 –> 01:16:12.000
These are a set of recommendations, a set of steps, if you will.
01:16:12.000 –> 01:16:16.000
That those responsible within national governments can use.
01:16:16.000 –> 01:16:23.000
To integrate wildlife and wildlife conservation into the nationally determined.
01:16:23.000 –> 01:16:27.000
Between now and the end of 2025.
01:16:27.000 –> 01:16:29.000
I will run you through them quickly.
01:16:29.000 –> 01:16:33.000
But these guidelines will be available in a report.
01:16:33.000 –> 01:16:39.000
Within the next month, and I’ll be happy to share that with you once it’s published.
01:16:39.000 –> 01:16:43.000
But if we start with the 1st again, this is really.
01:16:43.000 –> 01:16:47.000
We need to, as as Reem was.
01:16:47.000 –> 01:16:52.000
Highlighting, get a grip of the numbers on what the contribution.
01:16:52.000 –> 01:16:56.000
Of key, wildlife, species and wildlife, habitats.
01:16:56.000 –> 01:17:04.000
Can make to climate change, mitigation, and adaptation in each country. So within the national territory of each country, online.
01:17:04.000 –> 01:17:11.000
And let’s see this is a table from sort of Professor Schmidt’s work that outlines.
01:17:11.000 –> 01:17:15.000
Some of the numbers behind key species, and their contribution.
01:17:15.000 –> 01:17:20.000
Potentially to the additional ecosystem uptake of Co. 2.
01:17:20.000 –> 01:17:22.000
So each country can.
01:17:22.000 –> 01:17:24.000
Develop an estimate.
01:17:24.000 –> 01:17:29.000
By identifying the species and habitats that may make a contribution.
01:17:29.000 –> 01:17:31.000
And then looking at.
01:17:31.000 –> 01:17:34.000
At what the numbers are to put into.
01:17:34.000 –> 01:17:36.000
Nationally determined contributions.
01:17:36.000 –> 01:17:40.000
It’s also important to identify the major risks.
01:17:40.000 –> 01:17:46.000
The threatened wildlife populations and ecosystems which contribute to climate, mitigation, and adaptation.
01:17:46.000 –> 01:17:50.000
So that we can develop effective plans to reduce those risks.
01:17:50.000 –> 01:17:57.000
As a means of protecting and increasing our carbon stock. So look, we need to begin looking at.
01:17:57.000 –> 01:18:03.000
Threat, mitigation or risk mitigation for wildlife, not simply as being beneficial.
01:18:03.000 –> 01:18:06.000
In its own terms, in terms of protecting biodiversity.
01:18:06.000 –> 01:18:08.000
But also in terms of.
01:18:08.000 –> 01:18:11.000
The benefits that can be derived.
01:18:11.000 –> 01:18:15.000
From securing and increasing carbon stocks.
01:18:15.000 –> 01:18:21.000
Thirdly, each country should specify the key, wildlife species and ecosystems.
01:18:21.000 –> 01:18:28.000
That it wishes to protect and restore as part of its Ndc. This can be done in line with.
01:18:28.000 –> 01:18:31.000
The National biodiversity.
01:18:31.000 –> 01:18:35.000
Action plans and strategies under the.
01:18:35.000 –> 01:18:37.000
The const.
01:18:37.000 –> 01:18:41.000
The conventional biological diversity. So the Cbd.
01:18:41.000 –> 01:18:47.000
But should be integrated also into the Ndc. So that we.
01:18:47.000 –> 01:18:56.000
Clearly capture the carbon benefits and adaptation, benefits of wildlife conservation and rewilding.
01:18:56.000 –> 01:19:00.000
Each country can then describe in its Ndc. The plans that they have.
01:19:00.000 –> 01:19:08.000
To capture the wildlife nature interactions in their national greenhouse gas inventories.
01:19:08.000 –> 01:19:10.000
This is really critical, because.
01:19:10.000 –> 01:19:13.000
The contribution of wildlife both to.
01:19:13.000 –> 01:19:16.000
And let’s say, wildlife depletion.
01:19:16.000 –> 01:19:20.000
Or the degradation of wild habitats.
01:19:20.000 –> 01:19:23.000
Is rarely captured very clearly.
01:19:23.000 –> 01:19:29.000
In greenhouse gas inventories, so bringing wildlife into those inventories and into.
01:19:29.000 –> 01:19:38.000
The mitigation. Hierarchy can be very powerful in terms of providing clarity as to the amount of carbon dioxide emissions that can be avoided.
01:19:38.000 –> 01:19:41.000
And the carbon sinks that can be.
01:19:41.000 –> 01:19:43.000
Increased over time.
01:19:43.000 –> 01:19:46.000
In the car. Climate action plans.
01:19:46.000 –> 01:19:48.000
5, th
01:19:48.000 –> 01:19:55.000
Countries can set high level targets for the delivery of climate change, mitigation, and adaptation through conservation.
01:19:55.000 –> 01:19:59.000
And restoration of wildlife, populations and biodivers.
01:19:59.000 –> 01:20:03.000
So that they can see by 2030, and by 2050.
01:20:03.000 –> 01:20:06.000
Where they aim to get to.
01:20:06.000 –> 01:20:12.000
We can then list the actions that each country will take to deliver those wildlife and climate targets and.
01:20:12.000 –> 01:20:15.000
And the image. There you can see a range of different.
01:20:15.000 –> 01:20:23.000
Habitats and types of activity that can be implemented. In order to do this.
01:20:23.000 –> 01:20:35.000
Importantly, each of those actions needs to have a quantum of finance attached to it and a cost benefit analysis, so that we can clearly see what financial support is required.
01:20:35.000 –> 01:20:38.000
To implement those Ndc that link.
01:20:38.000 –> 01:20:42.000
Climate, action and wildlife, conservation.
01:20:42.000 –> 01:20:49.000
And aligned to that. It’s necessary for each country to outline the capacity, support, and technology transfer that might be required.
01:20:49.000 –> 01:20:56.000
To implement the Ndc. Actions that link climate change and wildlife conservation. A critical part of this.
01:20:56.000 –> 01:20:59.000
As this image indicates, is.
01:20:59.000 –> 01:21:03.000
How can we adequately and effectively measure.
01:21:03.000 –> 01:21:05.000
And monitor.
01:21:05.000 –> 01:21:10.000
The increase in wildlife populations and their contributions to.
01:21:10.000 –> 01:21:18.000
Carbon stocks, and then equally the contributions that wildlife, conservation, and rewilding can make to local economies.
01:21:18.000 –> 01:21:21.000
And to adaptation and resilience.
01:21:21.000 –> 01:21:23.000
So an investment into those.
01:21:23.000 –> 01:21:30.000
Technical scientific skills to be able to plan, implement and report.
01:21:30.000 –> 01:21:34.000
On this climate wildlife conservation.
01:21:34.000 –> 01:21:39.000
Nexus is is going to be important.
01:21:39.000 –> 01:21:45.000
Again, because we currently have a situation in which, in most governments and globally.
01:21:45.000 –> 01:21:52.000
There is a lack of alignment, say, between biodiversity and climate change action across the conventions.
01:21:52.000 –> 01:21:58.000
Of the conventional biological diversity and the climate change.
01:21:58.000 –> 01:22:09.000
It will be very valuable to include in your Ndc. A description of how your country will align the institutional arrangements for managing the country’s response to climate change and biodiversity, loss.
01:22:09.000 –> 01:22:11.000
In a holistic.
01:22:11.000 –> 01:22:21.000
Way that builds up synergies between departments and actions, so that biodiversity, conservation, and climate change are working hand in hand.
01:22:21.000 –> 01:22:24.000
And equally to identify the policy linkages.
01:22:24.000 –> 01:22:30.000
Between your Ndc. And then other domestic and international policy frameworks.
01:22:30.000 –> 01:22:33.000
To protect wildlife and biodiversity.
01:22:33.000 –> 01:22:35.000
And by doing so.
01:22:35.000 –> 01:22:37.000
From the national to the global level.
01:22:37.000 –> 01:22:44.000
We can start to increase the the synergy and to increase the mutual benefits that come.
01:22:44.000 –> 01:22:48.000
From managing biodiversity in a manner that is climate.
01:22:48.000 –> 01:22:51.000
And that delivers on these mitigation.
01:22:51.000 –> 01:22:54.000
And adaptation.
01:22:54.000 –> 01:22:56.000
Outcomes.
01:22:56.000 –> 01:23:04.000
So this is just a snapshot of what we have included in our wildlife guidelines for nationally determined.
01:23:04.000 –> 01:23:09.000
This will be published later in October 24, prior to Cop. 16.
01:23:09.000 –> 01:23:14.000
I have a embargo draft available for information, and if you would.
01:23:14.000 –> 01:23:19.000
Be interested in reading that. Then I’d be happy to.
01:23:19.000 –> 01:23:23.000
Share it with you. And please let my colleagues.
01:23:23.000 –> 01:23:26.000
Know if you would like to have the final version.
01:23:26.000 –> 01:23:31.000
Oh, and it’s released. I thank you for your attention.
01:23:31.000 –> 01:23:37.000
Thank you, Simon, for the very lodging presentation. And taking all these figures about the policy.
01:23:37.000 –> 01:23:41.000
For climate change. And after these 4.
01:23:41.000 –> 01:23:46.000
5 magnificent presentation and a lighting talks.
01:23:46.000 –> 01:23:54.000
We are very delighted just to have some kind of questions. If you don’t mind that some of the attendees have put on the
01:23:54.000 –> 01:23:56.000
The question, answer, Chad.
01:23:56.000 –> 01:24:01.000
And one of them is by faulty has Sunni.
01:24:01.000 –> 01:24:03.000
Which I would say.
01:24:03.000 –> 01:24:12.000
It’s how, how we can increase the resilience ecosystem in our area. And what are the urgent measures to take.
01:24:12.000 –> 01:24:17.000
If also, Mark can take this question, please. So.
01:24:17.000 –> 01:24:22.000
Is, how can we increase the resilience of ecosystems in our area?
01:24:22.000 –> 01:24:27.000
And what are the urgent measures.
01:24:27.000 –> 01:24:29.000
Bush.
01:24:29.000 –> 01:24:30.000
Please, do.
01:24:30.000 –> 01:24:33.000
Should I take a start at that?
01:24:33.000 –> 01:24:40.000
You know anybody who works in, but in the biological sciences knows that diversity is resilience.
01:24:40.000 –> 01:24:43.000
And that if your ecosystems are.
01:24:43.000 –> 01:24:52.000
Healthy is because they are diverse, and if they are diverse and healthy, to increase resilience.
01:24:52.000 –> 01:24:57.000
And so with the stresses that are placed on our
01:24:57.000 –> 01:25:02.000
World by development, by misused and natural resources.
01:25:02.000 –> 01:25:08.000
Resilience becomes an essential factor because it’s the capacity and the flexibility to.
01:25:08.000 –> 01:25:10.000
Address, the unknown.
01:25:10.000 –> 01:25:14.000
And so a if you, if you don’t know.
01:25:14.000 –> 01:25:21.000
I know what to do. A strategy that builds or maintains in your biological systems would be.
01:25:21.000 –> 01:25:24.000
A very safe bet to pursue.
01:25:24.000 –> 01:25:31.000
So without a deep level of science, knowing that the capacity of your ecosystems to.
01:25:31.000 –> 01:25:34.000
Withstand stress with stand change.
01:25:34.000 –> 01:25:42.000
To bounce back. Is is pretty well your best sort of life insurance. It’s your best guarantee.
01:25:42.000 –> 01:25:46.000
And so I think that the great deal of interest today in.
01:25:46.000 –> 01:25:53.000
How we can maintain resilience. And it’s obviously resilience to climate change, very much included.
01:25:53.000 –> 01:26:04.000
And the way to do that is to ensure a full range of diverse ecosystems that their essentials are are protected.
01:26:04.000 –> 01:26:13.000
That they are in a network of areas that can feed on one another and therefore exchange.
01:26:13.000 –> 01:26:20.000
Biodiversity and build further recipients, but that the concept of resilience, I think, is not is now one that.
01:26:20.000 –> 01:26:23.000
Everybody accepts
01:26:23.000 –> 01:26:26.000
Things that are resilient, more flexible. They.
01:26:26.000 –> 01:26:32.000
Are less brittle, they’re less likely to snap and break. So it’s it’s more.
01:26:32.000 –> 01:26:40.000
Giving yourself, putting all the chances on your side. While I hope our global community acts at the level necessary.
01:26:40.000 –> 01:26:44.000
And I think the interesting thing today is that.
01:26:44.000 –> 01:26:46.000
We have for lack of.
01:26:46.000 –> 01:26:48.000
Knowledge, a lack of experience.
01:26:48.000 –> 01:26:56.000
Undervalued the role that animals in ecosystems have in building that resilience and that
01:26:56.000 –> 01:27:02.000
With the models, such as the one that professor Schmidt’s illustrated.
01:27:02.000 –> 01:27:07.000
We’re now actually showing that animals are an important factor.
01:27:07.000 –> 01:27:11.000
In ensuring that resilience and building back that resilience so.
01:27:11.000 –> 01:27:16.000
I think this is really promising, because we those of us who are.
01:27:16.000 –> 01:27:23.000
Principally focused on biodiversity conservation, like the result that means.
01:27:23.000 –> 01:27:26.000
That you paid attention to animals and ensure.
01:27:26.000 –> 01:27:30.000
They’re healthy participation in ecosystems. But for those who.
01:27:30.000 –> 01:27:35.000
Whose principal interest is climate change. The.
01:27:35.000 –> 01:27:39.000
Surprising role of animals in ensuring.
01:27:39.000 –> 01:27:46.000
A successful climate change. Action is something that’s new to us, new to all of us, and very encouraging. So.
01:27:46.000 –> 01:27:52.000
I would say that the what the consequence of that is, that it should be given considerably greater political.
01:27:52.000 –> 01:27:57.000
Policy priority in the way that Simon Addison has has spelled out.
01:27:57.000 –> 01:28:05.000
Using existing mechanisms like the the nationally determined contributions, and the Nbcs and the.
01:28:05.000 –> 01:28:12.000
Biodiversity area, ensuring that our governments give that adequate attention.
01:28:12.000 –> 01:28:15.000
As well. So that would be my quick answer to that.
01:28:15.000 –> 01:28:19.000
Very good. Question.
01:28:19.000 –> 01:28:23.000
Thank you, Mark, for thising one. I’m just.
01:28:23.000 –> 01:28:27.000
Want to move to the next question. If there is no more comment on that point.
01:28:27.000 –> 01:28:30.000
The question, the next one from ruler.
01:28:30.000 –> 01:28:42.000
And she asking about, can you please tell us more about accounting and how we can achieve it?
01:28:42.000 –> 01:28:53.000
Stein will leave it possible to maybe proposals.
01:28:53.000 –> 01:28:55.000
One. Well, what you have.
01:28:55.000 –> 01:29:06.000
To do in terms of nature based accounting is calculate how much carbon is being taken up in the system. So you have to really look at things holistically.
01:29:06.000 –> 01:29:15.000
And then either through measurements of of the carbon and different stocks in the plants, in the soils or sediments.
01:29:15.000 –> 01:29:21.000
You can come up with numbers of of how much carbon is is being taken up in ecosystems.
01:29:21.000 –> 01:29:31.000
I presented some data on that also shown, you know, the tremendous value. That even restoration efforts that can make.
01:29:31.000 –> 01:29:40.000
And are starting to make. So we have the scientific ability to do it. It’s it’s just part of monitoring and and and.
01:29:40.000 –> 01:29:53.000
But you know, when we monitor, we tend to monitor just the presence of what we actually have to do is think about their functional roles. And and when we start thinking about their functional roles.
01:29:53.000 –> 01:30:05.000
We then start accounting for how much that function? Actually. So it’s a different way of monitoring. But it’s it’s actually just really doing financial accounting.
01:30:05.000 –> 01:30:07.000
Just remember.
01:30:07.000 –> 01:30:16.000
A carbon cycle is also a carbon budget. So you can think of that like an accounting that with your bank account, you have inputs.
01:30:16.000 –> 01:30:25.000
You have savings, and you have outputs. And if you think about it that way, you know, doing financial accounting.
01:30:25.000 –> 01:30:30.000
And and carbon accounting are very similar in principle.
01:30:30.000 –> 01:30:34.000
Jennifer. Yes, this is very good example, just to.
01:30:34.000 –> 01:30:37.000
Summit up. And so this is just tickets. Very good. Point.
01:30:37.000 –> 01:30:43.000
And the next question, as from been routing.
01:30:43.000 –> 01:30:49.000
And he asked that how we, as individuals or organization.
01:30:49.000 –> 01:30:54.000
Can we contribute practically to tackle this issue.
01:30:54.000 –> 01:30:59.000
So if I would leave.
01:30:59.000 –> 01:31:02.000
Once a month called cream was.
01:31:02.000 –> 01:31:03.000
Account, just.
01:31:03.000 –> 01:31:04.000
Let me start, and maybe can. Can add to it.
01:31:04.000 –> 01:31:06.000
Please.
01:31:06.000 –> 01:31:11.000
I think we need clear and and binding targets.
01:31:11.000 –> 01:31:16.000
We’ve gone through decades now with the UN. Fcc. And Cbd.
01:31:16.000 –> 01:31:19.000
Making promises and not fulfilling them, and.
01:31:19.000 –> 01:31:26.000
I think what we need to get to is this a world where net 0 economic activity.
01:31:26.000 –> 01:31:33.000
From a carbon point of view and nature, positive activity become an obligation of doing business that bind.
01:31:33.000 –> 01:31:38.000
On financial actors that bind on corporations, so that.
01:31:38.000 –> 01:31:40.000
Just like today,
01:31:40.000 –> 01:31:47.000
We would not accept an a corporation that employs slave labor. To use an extreme example.
01:31:47.000 –> 01:31:56.000
We need to get to the point where we should not give credit to a corporation that destroys biodiversity or the climate. In the course of making a profit.
01:31:56.000 –> 01:32:01.000
So I would say that what we need to do is push for standards
01:32:01.000 –> 01:32:05.000
I mean those standards already accepted, if you like. The Paris agreement, the the
01:32:05.000 –> 01:32:17.000
The UN. The the convening Montreal global biodiversity framework set out those targets. What’s needed is an accountability framework that increasingly makes them binding.
01:32:17.000 –> 01:32:23.000
And I think that will happen if there is an increase in public demand for those standards.
01:32:23.000 –> 01:32:24.000
Yeah.
01:32:24.000 –> 01:32:35.000
Yeah, thank you. Mark for that. And definitely building on what Mark was saying. I believe a lot of countries now working on aligning their national targets and indicators with the global framework.
01:32:35.000 –> 01:32:47.000
And a lot of that. I know there’s a big push to incorporate wildlife and ecosystem protection and restoration.
01:32:47.000 –> 01:33:04.000
I think what needs to happen next is that we start integrating wildlife into the targets. And as part of the indicators and monitoring systems that are currently being planned out on how to monitor the progress of the targets being set.
01:33:04.000 –> 01:33:14.000
That is where I think. The corporates and different organizations need to be brought in, especially under the umbrella of by divesty finance.
01:33:14.000 –> 01:33:39.000
Or biofin. And I believe there was a comment or a question previously that I saw pop up about resource mobilization, and I 100% agree with you that you know, a lot of it cannot be done without resource mobilization. And actually, research is also on a very same scale like. It’s quite funny because everybody wants numbers, but nobody wants to fund research. And yet people want targets. But nobody wants to fund research.
01:33:39.000 –> 01:34:00.000
And they want numbers. But nobody wants to fund research so and that needs to change. And that mentality needs to change because research is development. And for us to be able to develop sustainably, we need numbers. And we need to invest in research as part of the monitoring systems. So when we look at people implementing them, the monitoring, we need to be
01:34:00.000 –> 01:34:20.000
Clear about involving both scientists and researchers into the equation. In addition to actually bringing up citizen science into it, like going out, taking samples, counting, measuring. This can be done, and this is where we can bring together different organizations. And I know that there has been interest in
01:34:20.000 –> 01:34:43.000
Putting up Esg guidelines in the Gulf, for example. And I think those guidelines, as they’re being put up, needs to have a robust section that’s fully focused on ecosystems and wildlife. And I think this is where we need to push for the standards, because that way we ensure that there is a contribution coming in terms of resource, mobilization.
01:34:43.000 –> 01:34:49.000
There needs to be guidelines on the mandates that.
01:34:49.000 –> 01:35:01.000
Mandate everybody to involve research, and at the end of the year come up with data sets, because, without having the numbers, we will never be able to assess our progress in the next 5 to 10 years.
01:35:01.000 –> 01:35:07.000
So, yeah, I think, yeah, that’s it.
01:35:07.000 –> 01:35:09.000
Thank you very much, and.
01:35:09.000 –> 01:35:17.000
Mark the next question. It’s to Simon about
01:35:17.000 –> 01:35:26.000
One question about the iphone will have some practical or information and a clear information about the.
01:35:26.000 –> 01:35:28.000
How.
01:35:28.000 –> 01:35:34.000
Wildlife or different wildlife animals are from storing carbon.
01:35:34.000 –> 01:35:36.000
So that’s mean.
01:35:36.000 –> 01:35:39.000
How much each animal species can.
01:35:39.000 –> 01:35:42.000
Stored from the carbon.
01:35:42.000 –> 01:35:43.000
I think you said on this one.
01:35:43.000 –> 01:35:48.000
Yeah, that’s definitely not definitely. Not a question for me. I think we have to go to us for
01:35:48.000 –> 01:35:53.000
Some information on that. But I mean Oz has been instrumental in developing.
01:35:53.000 –> 01:35:57.000
Models, and making estimates for the amount of carbon that.
01:35:57.000 –> 01:36:08.000
That certain key animal. It’s a it’s an opportunity to talk about the Hotspots analysis that. We’re planning to do as well.
01:36:08.000 –> 01:36:11.000
Yeah.
01:36:11.000 –> 01:36:20.000
You know, we we one of the things that we have to avoid is just making this a panacea that you know, restoring wildlife everywhere is going to be beneficial.
01:36:20.000 –> 01:36:45.000
So what we we do have to do. As as RAM said, we have to do some research, and that research could either be on the ground measurement, or through modeling. To come up with quantitative estimates. Of the feasibility of of doing some of this work in different locations, and and sometimes animals aren’t going to be significantly important. In other cases are gonna be huge.
01:36:45.000 –> 01:37:07.000
Important and so one of the exercises we’re we’re trying to engage in is really looking globally. Where are the hotspots on the planet. Where are the places on the planet where we have the highest potential to make a difference? Given the land space that’s available, or the ocean space that’s available.
01:37:07.000 –> 01:37:15.000
To really make a difference. And so it. It’s gonna require a lot more work.
01:37:15.000 –> 01:37:23.000
Really to to identify which species and which locations? But then it also.
01:37:23.000 –> 01:37:28.000
Once you know where those locations are. We also have to then work with the local communities.
01:37:28.000 –> 01:37:35.000
Really to to get them to work with us, and and talked about this a little, also in terms of citizen science.
01:37:35.000 –> 01:37:56.000
But it’s also about engaging local communities to participate in that and helping them to become stewards of of those areas also. So this, this is all. You know a way of engaging local communities and not being so, top down with it. And getting the buy in to help. You know, achieve the goals also.
01:37:56.000 –> 01:38:00.000
Thank thank you very much indeed. Just one other question just being.
01:38:00.000 –> 01:38:27.000
Type, now against.
01:38:27.000 –> 01:38:28.000
So this is
01:38:28.000 –> 01:38:29.000
Which is to everyone it’s about. If there is any practical or training courses, how to calculate these, how wild life contribute to absorbing Co. 2, because this is something new and obvious and system. So if there is any kind of contribution, or can somebody give.
01:38:29.000 –> 01:38:35.000
This is something that’s in the very early stages. I I don’t think we’ve developed any training.
01:38:35.000 –> 01:38:39.000
Courses, yet on, on, how to do this?
01:38:39.000 –> 01:38:44.000
It’s a good idea to maybe develop something like that. As an online.
01:38:44.000 –> 01:38:51.000
many course, or or something to that effect. Yeah.
01:38:51.000 –> 01:38:55.000
That would be something worthwhile to do as a training experience.
01:38:55.000 –> 01:38:58.000
Something new, absolutely.
01:38:58.000 –> 01:39:01.000
I think it’s a good idea. Let me just add that
01:39:01.000 –> 01:39:06.000
What we’re trying to do now. Given the promise of the Acc model.
01:39:06.000 –> 01:39:12.000
Is to build up a a stronger foundation of case studies.
01:39:12.000 –> 01:39:19.000
So it’s been applied to a number of species and a number of specific locations with promising results.
01:39:19.000 –> 01:39:26.000
As I said, we can’t assume that it will always give those results in every circumstance, with every animal species.
01:39:26.000 –> 01:39:32.000
Our ecosystem. And so what we need to do is is to consolidate the foundation.
01:39:32.000 –> 01:39:42.000
That enables us to put forward this model is something that genuinely is part of the solution. And and I guess the the focus has been.
01:39:42.000 –> 01:39:45.000
Particularly on that, but I think that
01:39:45.000 –> 01:39:57.000
It would be a good idea to facilitate people’s understanding of the model, and how to make it work and how to apply it in their own particular situations, cause that would.
01:39:57.000 –> 01:39:59.000
Contribute data that would.
01:39:59.000 –> 01:40:08.000
Either disprove or or emphasize the the promise showed by this approach.
01:40:08.000 –> 01:40:13.000
And further, one last question or not? Last question, one of the question.
01:40:13.000 –> 01:40:19.000
That’s been directed to usual, and to Simon about
01:40:19.000 –> 01:40:24.000
After this new data about the role of peak fauna in carbonation.
01:40:24.000 –> 01:40:33.000
Don’t you see that we need to update a lot of tools that were.
01:40:33.000 –> 01:40:35.000
Oops!
01:40:35.000 –> 01:40:44.000
Got the question just going 1 min.
01:40:44.000 –> 01:40:46.000
It’s moved on to the answered page. Now, because I had. I had just.
01:40:46.000 –> 01:40:51.000
Yeah, sorry. Yeah. I did. Not. Sorry. My mistake. Yeah.
01:40:51.000 –> 01:40:59.000
So I would. Don’t you see that we need to update a lot of tool that work on the footprint for different products?
01:40:59.000 –> 01:41:08.000
In the frame of life, cycle, assessment, and Ebd. And thank you, Simon, for your contribution.
01:41:08.000 –> 01:41:11.000
Yeah, just briefly, I think this is an excellent.
01:41:11.000 –> 01:41:15.000
Point and important work that needs to be done. There’s.
01:41:15.000 –> 01:41:18.000
As Professor Schmidt has mentioned, this is.
01:41:18.000 –> 01:41:24.000
Really at the stage of generating the foundational evidence of the role that animals play so.
01:41:24.000 –> 01:41:32.000
I guess a big question for policy makers in this forum and elsewhere is for us to understand.
01:41:32.000 –> 01:41:37.000
What information you require, using the tools that are available.
01:41:37.000 –> 01:41:40.000
In order to integrate.
01:41:40.000 –> 01:41:43.000
Wild animals more effectively into.
01:41:43.000 –> 01:41:46.000
Say, the mitigation hierarchy into.
01:41:46.000 –> 01:41:51.000
Your greenhouse gas inventories into these lifecycle assessments, etc.
01:41:51.000 –> 01:41:57.000
And to find ways that we can work together to overcome those hurdles.
01:41:57.000 –> 01:42:02.000
I would say one thing that I I.
01:42:02.000 –> 01:42:06.000
The gra have been considering is.
01:42:06.000 –> 01:42:10.000
Whether or not a an online platform that provides.
01:42:10.000 –> 01:42:12.000
The data that is available.
01:42:12.000 –> 01:42:15.000
And access to models, etc. Would be.
01:42:15.000 –> 01:42:18.000
Whether that would be valuable to policymakers.
01:42:18.000 –> 01:42:22.000
To see. But but I think tailoring the data that.
01:42:22.000 –> 01:42:25.000
We have in ways that are useful to.
01:42:25.000 –> 01:42:29.000
You in doing this work such as you.
01:42:29.000 –> 01:42:34.000
Mention would be valuable.
01:42:34.000 –> 01:42:38.000
Last, but not least, a question to rim.
01:42:38.000 –> 01:42:45.000
And there’s problem about like coral bleach in Bahrain and the golf.
01:42:45.000 –> 01:42:55.000
How it would be, contribute to how the planting or putting the core again, you can contribute in practically.
01:42:55.000 –> 01:42:59.000
In this tackling issue. Please.
01:42:59.000 –> 01:43:13.000
Yeah, thank you for that question. Yes, I think is something that’s being felt across the world. And obviously we were looking at. I think they said the the 5th largest bleaching event worldwide this year.
01:43:13.000 –> 01:43:31.000
The issue that we’re having in Bahrain because of the very extreme environment temperatures reach 36.8 this year. And so obviously the calls were not very happy. And beaching has been reported in Bahrain, the Uae, and across the Gulf.
01:43:31.000 –> 01:43:44.000
we. I understand that a lot of people have been pushing for, however, based on the experience that we have seen across the the gulf.
01:43:44.000 –> 01:43:48.000
Coral restoration seems to work when we’re closer to the Gulf of.
01:43:48.000 –> 01:44:02.000
Rather than inside the gulf. And the main issue is that a that the water is much more, I mean, that’s so much shallower. And also you don’t find a lot of the
01:44:02.000 –> 01:44:14.000
Shall we say branching coral, and so, usually with coral restoration. What happens is that for us to start a nursery we need that are already fallen off onto a reef that are collected.
01:44:14.000 –> 01:44:30.000
Whereas currently most of the corals that we have are actually massive corals or submersive. So to start a a restoration program, it means we need to go and break them, to frag them, and that will make the most susceptible to disease.
01:44:30.000 –> 01:44:54.000
And actually will harm them more than help them. And so that’s why we’ve been very careful not to do that. And instead, we’re looking and studying the microbiome to study more about like the the resilience that they are showing through their microbial community composition. And we’re trying to understand it a bit more, and experiment a bit more, using that.
01:44:54.000 –> 01:45:13.000
Side, and what we usually this is called assisted evolution, where people are looking at the micro communities. You know, looking at, possibly giving them antibiotics. It’s all in the experimental phase, but actually going down the route of traditional nurseries, of using fragments.
01:45:13.000 –> 01:45:38.000
It’s currently not recommended, and that is why we have not been able to successfully implement something large scale. They have been trials in Bahrain. I know that we’re led by the directors of fisheries previously in the country, and they’ve put a lot of effort into it. However, unfortunately, the all of the trials failed. So we are working in collaboration with different
01:45:38.000 –> 01:45:43.000
Entities to see how we can assist corals and coral communities.
01:45:43.000 –> 01:45:55.000
To you know. Get back on their feet. However, what we are seeing is in areas where people have claimed that the reefs are dead, that actually the coral is coming back.
01:45:55.000 –> 01:46:01.000
And it is very interesting. And so we are currently conducting some genetic studies or molecular studies.
01:46:01.000 –> 01:46:25.000
To better understand how this is happening. And it’s obviously like all the presentations have outlined with the coming back of these coral communities. We are now seeing different species of fish coming back on into the area. I know, for a fact, in areas such as fish laddum, for example. It’s been 8 years since someone has seen a butterfly fish on the reef.
01:46:25.000 –> 01:46:28.000
And actually, last year we saw 1st pair coming back.
01:46:28.000 –> 01:46:41.000
So obviously, something is changing, and I think the policies that have implemented banning of trolling and other and phishing gearing the kind of phishing gear around that area.
01:46:41.000 –> 01:46:45.000
Is starting to have a positive impact. Yeah.
01:46:45.000 –> 01:46:52.000
Thank you, Irene, for this very good question. Last question. Sorry that we have been taken 17 min beyond the.
01:46:52.000 –> 01:47:01.000
She’s all time. And this shows that how interesting this topic is, and how enlighting and reach the topic is. But promise. This is the last question.
01:47:01.000 –> 01:47:12.000
And if there is any other comment, we’ll do it like writing to these guys later on. But one question from Omar, he said, that can we contribute.
01:47:12.000 –> 01:47:18.000
In entering data for the mission measuring system.
01:47:18.000 –> 01:47:22.000
And how we can do, and we hope that to get this one.
01:47:22.000 –> 01:47:27.000
Like help in facilitating this before.
01:47:27.000 –> 01:47:30.000
We did line for National Contribution.
01:47:30.000 –> 01:47:32.000
I’m not really sure if.
01:47:32.000 –> 01:47:35.000
I read the question right? It’s clear.
01:47:35.000 –> 01:47:41.000
So how we can contribute to entering data in the emission.
01:47:41.000 –> 01:47:50.000
Measuring software software.
01:47:50.000 –> 01:47:54.000
King Oswald, or Marquis.
01:47:54.000 –> 01:48:00.000
So highly technical question in terms of preparing the.
01:48:00.000 –> 01:48:04.000
Ncd. Report. I think, that there’s.
01:48:04.000 –> 01:48:06.000
Technical assistance available from.
01:48:06.000 –> 01:48:13.000
The Secretary of UN. Fcc. In helping countries to prepare their submissions.
01:48:13.000 –> 01:48:19.000
And that that can usually access through the local Udp office in.
01:48:19.000 –> 01:48:23.000
Meeting the requirements of Member States. The first.st
01:48:23.000 –> 01:48:25.000
Port of call, I think, would be the.
01:48:25.000 –> 01:48:27.000
Local Ndp office, and through them to the.
01:48:27.000 –> 01:48:34.000
Secretary Review and Fcc. They they do a great deal of assistance to countries in.
01:48:34.000 –> 01:48:40.000
Ensuring that their reports are accurate and and complete.
01:48:40.000 –> 01:48:41.000
Thank you. Mom.
01:48:41.000 –> 01:48:44.000
I would also suggest that if a country.
01:48:44.000 –> 01:48:51.000
Is looking for this kind of support that it lodges a request for support through the Ndc. Partnership.
01:48:51.000 –> 01:48:55.000
Which is supported by und.
01:48:55.000 –> 01:48:58.000
This technical assistance, 2 countries.
01:48:58.000 –> 01:49:04.000
All this, and through the Ndc partnership they can then reach out to their members.
01:49:04.000 –> 01:49:06.000
To identify the correct.
01:49:06.000 –> 01:49:10.000
People to provide that capacity, support.
01:49:10.000 –> 01:49:16.000
I would say, however, that it’s quite likely that there aren’t that many people who have.
01:49:16.000 –> 01:49:19.000
The technical skills to.
01:49:19.000 –> 01:49:23.000
To bring the wildlife carbon data into.
01:49:23.000 –> 01:49:26.000
And Dcs. And that might be something that we.
01:49:26.000 –> 01:49:31.000
As a group at global rewilding alliance need to discuss with the Ndc partnership.
01:49:31.000 –> 01:49:37.000
And to see how we can support them if countries are coming to them. With these requests.
01:49:37.000 –> 01:49:40.000
Thank you, Mark and Simon, for this one.
01:49:40.000 –> 01:49:52.000
And by that I think I leave the floor just to to come to concluding remark and closing decision. It was very rich one. Thank you very much. Everyone.
01:49:52.000 –> 01:50:02.000
Well, and
01:50:02.000 –> 01:50:05.000
These, yet.
01:50:05.000 –> 01:50:09.000
They should in Egypt, and I told Jaban.
01:50:09.000 –> 01:50:26.000
Li. A sudden Musharikim mostly do a lot of Mushari. Kim Free had a webinar, and.
01:50:26.000 –> 01:50:30.000
I sure could send me the Alara Markelly.
01:50:30.000 –> 01:50:33.000
Was Schmidt.
01:50:33.000 –> 01:50:47.000
Iphone.
01:50:47.000 –> 01:50:49.000
The landmill iphone.
01:50:49.000 –> 01:51:04.000
Sugar you say Simon Webinar held there will be there and tell her that means a millionaire. I say, it’s Simon where Ben absolutely.
01:51:04.000 –> 01:51:11.000
Ashton, Calami, Bishako, and Yakuna, Webinar.
01:51:11.000 –> 01:51:36.000
In Charlotte, North Africa.
01:51:36.000 –> 01:51:41.000
Technical issues. Tala. We had a webinar where the middle.
01:51:41.000 –> 01:51:57.000
Dr. Navarro said Osama.
01:51:57.000 –> 01:52:00.000
So.
01:52:00.000 –> 01:52:04.000
Should Cringezina have a nice day.
01:52:04.000 –> 01:52:12.000
Thank you so much.